Greece, with its rich history dating back thousands of years, has been a cradle for winemaking that has influenced both ancient and modern wine cultures. From the sun-drenched islands of the Aegean to the mountainous regions of the mainland, Greek wine reflects a deep connection to the land and its traditions. The country is home to unique grape varieties and centuries-old winemaking practices that continue to thrive in the 21st century. In this article, we will explore the diverse Greek wine regions, the varieties of wine types produced, the classification system, notable wine names, and the Greek Wine Scholar program.
Greek Wine Regions
1. Santorini
Located in the Cyclades, Santorini is famed for its white wines, especially from the indigenous Assyrtiko grape. The volcanic soils, combined with the island’s dry, windy climate, produce wines with a distinctive minerality and crisp acidity. Santorini is also known for Vinsanto, a dessert wine made from sun-dried grapes.
2. Nemea
Situated in the Peloponnese, Nemea is one of Greece’s most important red wine regions. The dominant grape here is Agiorgitiko, which produces wines with a deep red color, moderate acidity, and rich, fruity flavors. Nemea is particularly known for its dry reds but also produces a variety of sweet and semi-sweet wines.
3. Macedonia
The northernmost wine region of Greece, Macedonia includes the famous Naoussa appellation, where the indigenous red grape Xinomavro reigns supreme. Wines from Xinomavro are often compared to Barolo due to their complex aromas, tannin structure, and aging potential. The region also produces wines from international varieties like Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon.
4. Crete
The island of Crete produces wines from a variety of indigenous grapes, including Vidiano (white) and Kotsifali (red). The Mediterranean climate and mountainous terrain give these wines a distinctive character, from light and floral whites to rich and spicy reds. Crete’s wine history dates back over 4,000 years, and today it produces a range of organic and sustainable wines.
5. Peloponnese
This large peninsula is home to multiple wine regions, including Mantinia and Monemvasia. Mantinia is known for Moschofilero, a floral, aromatic white, while Monemvasia produces both red and white wines from indigenous varieties like Malvasia and Assyrtiko. The region also produces wines from Agiorgitiko, offering a balance of fruity freshness and subtle spice.
6. Thessaly
An island off the coast of Asia Minor, Samos has a long history of producing Muscat wines, particularly the famous Samos Muscat. Known for its sweet, aromatic profile, Samos Muscat is typically enjoyed as a dessert wine.
7. Samos
One of the smallest wine regions, Ahr specializes in Spätburgunder, producing exceptional red wines with finesse.
8. Epirus
A lesser-known wine region, Epirus produces wines primarily from the indigenous red grape Zitsa, as well as a variety of white grapes. The cooler climate of this mountainous region contributes to wines with fresh acidity and herbal notes.
Greek Wine Types
1. White Wines
Assyrtiko: Known for its crisp acidity and mineral character, Assyrtiko is most famously grown on the island of Santorini. This dry white wine is often described as citrusy, with a saline quality that reflects the island’s volcanic soils.
Moschofilero: Aromatic and floral, Moschofilero is a white grape variety from the Peloponnese. The wines are often light and crisp, with notes of citrus, flowers, and tropical fruits.
Malagousia: A fragrant variety with tropical fruit flavors, often used in blends but also made as a varietal wine. It has become increasingly popular among Greek winemakers.
Vidiano: A native white grape from Crete that produces medium-bodied wines with floral and citrus aromas. Vidiano wines often have a round texture and a good balance of acidity.
2. Red Wines
Agiorgitiko: Known as the “blood of Hercules,” this grape is found primarily in Nemea and is one of Greece’s most important red varieties. Agiorgitiko wines range from light and fruity to deep and structured, often with aromas of ripe red fruit and a spicy finish.
Xinomavro: A highly regarded red variety grown in Macedonia, particularly in Naoussa. Xinomavro wines are known for their acidity, complex aromas of red fruit, dried herbs, and olives, and their ability to age well.
Kotsifali: A red grape from Crete, Kotsifali is often blended with other varieties like Syrah and Mandilaria. It produces wines with a medium body and rich, spicy flavors.
Mavrotragano: Another red variety from Crete, known for producing wines with a deep color, bold tannins, and dark fruit flavors. It is sometimes used in blends but can also be bottled as a varietal wine.
3. Fortified Wines
Samos Muscat: One of Greece’s most famous fortified wines, Samos Muscat is made from the Muscat grape and is often sweet, aromatic, and rich in flavor. It is a perfect pairing with desserts or as an after-dinner drink.
Retsina: A traditional Greek wine flavored with pine resin. While this style may sound unusual, Retsina has a long history and is often made from the Savatiano grape. It has a distinct resinous aroma that can vary in intensity.
4. Sparkling Wines
Kourtaki Sparkling Wine: A popular sparkling wine in Greece, often made from a blend of indigenous varieties like Muscat or Assyrtiko. It is typically light and refreshing, ideal for celebratory occasions.
Greek Wine Names
1. Sigalas Assyrtiko: A highly regarded Santorini wine, showcasing the characteristic minerality and freshness of Assyrtiko.
2. Gaia Wild Ferment: A notable producer in the Peloponnese, particularly known for its natural wines made from Agiorgitiko.
3. Katerina’s Nemea: A standout example of Agiorgitiko from Nemea, known for its bold fruit and spice.
4. Domaine Skouras: A top winery in Nemea that produces a range of wines, including highly praised Agiorgitiko and Moschofilero.
5. Samos Vin Doux: A well-known sweet Muscat wine from the island of Samos, rich in honeyed fruit flavors and ideal as a dessert wine.
Greek Wine Classification
1. PDO (Protected Designation of Origin)
The highest classification, PDO wines are made from specific grape varieties in a designated region. PDO wines must follow strict rules regarding production methods and quality standards. Examples of PDO wines include Nemea, Santorini, and Naoussa.
2. PGI (Protected Geographical Indication)
PGI wines are produced within a specific geographical area but have fewer restrictions than PDO wines. PGI wines are made using authorized varieties but are not bound to the stringent rules of PDO wines. Examples include wines from Peloponnese and Central Greece.
3. Table Wine (Opeion)
This is the lowest classification and includes wines that do not meet the criteria for PDO or PGI designation. These wines are typically produced in larger quantities and are often affordable.
Greek Wine Scholar
1. Dr. Konstantinos G. Gkoulas
A renowned scholar in the field of viticulture and enology, with a focus on Greek indigenous grape varieties.
2. Dr. Angelos B. Michailidis
Known for his research on the preservation and promotion of Greek wine heritage and terroirs.
3. Dr. George A. Sotiriou
A prominent wine expert specializing in wine quality and the study of Greek wine regions.
4. Dr. Vassilis Tsaktsiras
Specializes in viticulture, especially the impact of climate on Greek wine production.
5. Dr. Nikos S. Chorianopoulos
An expert in wine chemistry and the interaction of wine components, with a focus on Greek wines.
6. Prof. Dr. Nikolaos Kallithrakas
A leading scholar in the study of Greek wine culture and ancient winemaking techniques.
7. Prof. Dr. Ioannis K. P. Moraitis
Focuses on the wine industry and economics, particularly the role of Greek wine in the global market.
FAQs
1. What is Assyrtiko, and why is it important in Greek wine?
Assyrtiko is one of Greece’s most famous white grape varieties, particularly known for its cultivation on the island of Santorini. It produces dry, crisp wines with high acidity and a characteristic minerality, often reflecting the volcanic soil of Santorini.
2. What is Agiorgitiko?
Agiorgitiko is a red grape variety grown primarily in the Nemea region of the Peloponnese. Known for its versatility, it produces wines that can range from fresh and fruity to rich and complex, with flavors of dark fruit, spices, and a soft tannic structure.
3. What is Vinsanto, and how is it made?
Vinsanto is a traditional sweet wine made from sun-dried grapes, primarily Assyrtiko, on the island of Santorini. The dried grapes are fermented and aged in oak barrels, producing rich, concentrated wines with flavors of dried fruit, honey, and caramel.
4. What are the key indigenous grape varieties in Greece?
Greece boasts more than 300 indigenous grape varieties. Notable examples include:
White: Assyrtiko, Moschofilero, Roditis, Malagousia, and Vilana.
Red: Agiorgitiko, Xinomavro, Mavrotragano, and Limnio.
5. What is the “PDO” (Protected Designation of Origin) system in Greek wine?
The PDO system, similar to France’s AOC or Italy’s DOC, protects the quality and authenticity of Greek wines. It designates certain wine regions where grapes must come from specific areas, ensuring high-quality production. Examples include PDO Santorini, PDO Nemea, and PDO Naoussa.
